Liver Cirrhosis

Disease Overview and Causes

Liver Cirrhosis – When the Liver Shrinks

Liver cirrhosis marks the final stage of several liver diseases and is among the leading causes of death. In this condition, the normal structure of the liver is destroyed. As damage progresses, the liver becomes hardened and shrinks until it can no longer perform its essential functions.

However, this outcome is not inevitable. With early and consistent treatment, the liver may partially recover.

Liver Cirrhosis: Symptoms and Typical Signs

Symptoms of liver cirrhosis are often nonspecific, especially in the early stages, and may go unnoticed for a long time. Common general symptoms include:

• Fatigue and weakness

• Nausea

• Weight loss

• Upper abdominal pain

A yellowish discoloration of the skin and the whites of the eyes (jaundice) may also occur. This happens because the liver can no longer effectively break down bilirubin and toxins.

A feeling of pressure or fullness above the navel may also be a sign. As scarring progresses, blood flow through the liver becomes impaired, increasing pressure in the portal vein. This can lead to an enlarged spleen and the development of varicose veins in the stomach and esophagus.

Possible Causes of Liver Cirrhosis

• In most cases, liver cirrhosis develops over many years due to excessive alcohol consumption

• It is often the result of chronic liver inflammation (viral hepatitis) caused by infection with hepatitis viruses (A, B, C, D, or E), although hepatitis A and E rarely lead to cirrhosis

• Pre-existing conditions such as diabetes mellitus

• Alcohol-related fatty liver disease, caused by disruptions in fat metabolism leading to fat accumulation in liver cells

• Autoimmune hepatitis, in which the body attacks its own liver tissue

• Rare inherited metabolic disorders such as Wilson’s disease, hemochromatosis (iron overload), or cystic fibrosis

• Certain medications, tropical diseases, and chemical exposures

In general, liver cirrhosis cannot be completely cured. However, with early and consistent treatment, liver function may partially recover.

Medication and Treatment

If liver cirrhosis is diagnosed, a key part of treatment is avoiding substances that damage the liver, particularly alcohol and tobacco.

A balanced diet rich in vitamins and protein can support liver health. A high-fiber diet, adequate fluid intake, and regular physical activity also promote detoxification and digestion. Nutritional supplements containing specific amino acids are often included in treatment.

For specific underlying conditions:

• Hemochromatosis: Excess iron must be removed from the body

• Wilson’s disease: Treatment reduces copper absorption and increases copper excretion

In advanced cases, a liver transplant may be necessary if the criteria for transplantation are met.

For viral hepatitis, medications are used to inhibit virus replication, including:

• Interferon alpha

• Lamivudine

• Entecavir

• Ribavirin

• Tenofovir